start

The Transportation sector includes the movement of people and goods by cars, trucks, trains, ships, airplanes, and other vehicles. The majority of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation are carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from the combustion of petroleum-based products, like gasoline, in internal combustion engines. The largest sources of transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions include passenger cars, medium- and heavy-duty trucks, and light-duty trucks, including sport utility vehicles, pickup trucks, and minivans. These sources account for over half of the emissions from the transportation sector. The remaining greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector come from other modes of transportation, including commercial aircraft, ships, boats, and trains, as well as pipelines and lubricants.

https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions

REDUCING EMISSIONS
FROM TRANSPORTATION

Using fuels that emit less CO2 than fuels currently being used. Alternative sources can include biofuels; hydrogen; electricity from renewable sources, such as wind and solar; or fossil fuels that are less CO2-intensive than the fuels that they replace. Learn more about Green Vehicles and Alternative and Renewable Fuels.

- Using public buses that are fueled by compressed natural gas rather than gasoline or diesel.

- Using electric or hybrid automobiles, provided that the energy is generated from
lower-carbon or non-fossil fuels.

- Using renewable fuels such as low-carbon biofuels.

Improving Fuel Efficiency with Advanced Design, Materials, and Technologies

Using advanced technologies, design, and materials to develop more fuel-efficient vehicles

- Developing advanced vehicle technologies such as hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles, that can store energy from braking and use it for power later.

- Reducing the weight of materials used to build vehicles.

- Reducing the aerodynamic resistance of vehicles through better shape design.

Improving Operating Practices

Adopting practices that minimize fuel use. Improving driving practices and vehicle maintenance.

- Reducing the average taxi time for aircraft.

- Driving sensibly (avoiding rapid acceleration and braking, observing the speed limit).

- Reducing engine-idling.

- Improved voyage planning for ships, such as through improved weather routing, to increase fuel efficiency.

Reducing Travel Demand

Employing urban planning to reduce the number of miles that people drive each day. Reducing the need for driving through travel efficiency measures such as commuter, biking, and pedestrian programs.

- Building public transportation, sidewalks, and bike paths to increase lower-emission transportation choices.

- Zoning for mixed use areas, so that residences, schools, stores, and businesses are close together, reducing the need for driving.

HOW EMISSIONS ARE REDUCED

https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions

VIDEOS THAT EXPLAIN WHAT Co2 EMISSION IS AND HOW ITS MONITERD OVER THE YEARS

Special kind of camera that detects Co2 in the air and where it comes from.

The carbon dioxide theory states that, as the amount of carbon dioxide increases, the atmosphere becomes opaque over a larger frequency interval; the outgoing radiation is trapped more effectively near the Earth’s surface and the temperature rises. The latest calculations show that if the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere should double, the surface temperature would rise 3.6 degrees Celsius and if the amount should be cut in half, the surface temperature would fall 3.8 degrees.

The carbon dioxide theory was first proposed in 1861 by Tyndall. The first extensive calculations were necessarily done by very approximate methods. There are thousands of spectral lines due to carbon dioxide which are responsible for the absorption and each of these lines occurs in a complicated pattern with variations in intensity and the width of the spectral lines. Further the pattern is not even the same at all heights in the atmosphere, since the width and intensity of the spectral lines varies with the temperature and pressure. Only recently has a reasonably accurate solution to the problem of the influence of carbon dioxide on surface temperature been possible, because of accurate infrared measurements, theoretical developments, and the availability of a high-speed electronic computer.

CARBON DIOXIDE THEORY

https://www.americanscientist.org/article/carbon-dioxide-and-the-climate

One of the most remarkable aspects of the paleoclimate record is the strong correspondence between temperature and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere observed during the glacial cycles of the past several hundred thousand years. When the carbon dioxide concentration goes up, temperature goes up. When the carbon dioxide concentration goes down, temperature goes down. A small part of the correspondence is due to the relationship between temperature and the solubility of carbon dioxide in the surface ocean, but the majority of the correspondence is consistent with a feedback between carbon dioxide and climate. These changes are expected if Earth is in radiative balance, and they are consistent with the role of greenhouse gases in climate change. While it might seem simple to determine cause and effect between carbon dioxide and climate from which change occurs first, or from some other means, the determination of cause and effect remains exceedingly difficult. Furthermore, other changes are involved in the glacial climate, including altered vegetation, land surface characteristics, and ice sheet extent.

Temperature Change and Carbon Dioxide Change

The year is 2050. Walk out of the Permian Basin Petroleum Museum in Midland, Texas, and drive north across the sun-baked scrub where a few remaining oil pumpjacks nod lazily in the heat, and then you'll see it: a glittering palace rising out of the pancake-flat ground. The land here is mirrored: the choppy silver-blue waves of an immense solar array stretch out in all directions. In the distance, they lap at a colossal grey wall five storeys high and almost a kilometre long. Behind the wall, you glimpse the snaking pipes and gantries of a chemical plant.

As you get closer you see the wall is moving, shimmering – it is entirely made up of huge fans whirring in steel boxes. You think to yourself that it looks like a gigantic air conditioning unit, blown up to incredible proportions. In a sense, that's exactly what this is. You're looking at a direct air capture (DAC) plant, one of tens of thousands like it across the globe. Together, they're trying to cool the planet by sucking carbon dioxide out of the air. This Texan landscape was made famous for the billions of barrels of oil pulled out of its depths during the 20th Century. Now the legacy of those fossil fuels – the CO2 in our air – is being pumped back into the emptied reservoirs.

If the world is to meet Paris Agreement goals of limiting global warming to 1.5C by 2100, sights like this may be necessary by mid-century.

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210310-the-trillion-dollar-plan-to-capture-co2

https://www.carbonmap.org/#PeopleAtRisk

EMISSIONS PER COUNTRY

De monumentale Maastunnel (1942) is de oudste afgezonken tunnel van Nederland en verbindt in Rotterdam de oevers van de Nieuwe Maas met elkaar. De tunnel bestaat uit vier buizen: twee voor auto's, een voor fietsers en een voor voetgangers. De bouw ging in 1937 van start en was in 1942 voltooid.

Dagelijks maken ruim 75.000 motorvoertuigen en rond de 7.000 fietsers en bromfietsers naast 150 voetgangers gebruik van deze tunnel. Daarmee vormt de Maastunnel een belangrijke schakel in het Rotterdamse wegennet. Er geldt voor het snelverkeer een snelheidslimiet van 50 km per uur.

De Maastunnel is 3,90 meter hoog. De voorliggende viaducten in de tunneltraverse, onder het Maastunnelplein en het Droogleever Fortuynplein, zijn 3,60 meter hoog. Het komt regelmatig voor dat te hoge vrachtwagens zichzelf onder deze viaducten vastrijden.

Ventilatiegebouwen
Toegangsgebouwtjes, garages en de imposante ventilatiegebouwen vormen de enige bovengrondse tekenen van de aanwezigheid van de Maastunnel.
De fiets- en voetgangerstunnel komt via lange roltrappen uit in aparte toegangsgebouwtjes. In de gebogen wanden boven de beide roltrappen zijn mozaïeken van Jaap Gidding aangebracht. Aan de noordkant zijn schepen, auto's en fietsen afgebeeld, aan de zuidkant zeemeerminnen, vissen en golven.

In de garages zijn allerlei materialen voor het onderhoud van de Maastunnel opgeslagen. De ventilatiegebouwen hebben een totale hoogte van ongeveer zestig meter: 34 meter bovengronds en 26 meter ondergronds. Ze bestaan uit een hoge betonnen schacht en een lager gedeelte met koperen koepeldak aan de rivierzijde: de aanzuigruimte voor verse lucht.

De architectuur van de gebouwen is verwant: koperen daken en gevels deels van witgepleisterd beton en deels van oranje-bruine grèstegels.

INFORMATION MAASTUNNEL

https://www.rotterdam.nl/wonen-leven/oeververbindingen/

CO2 is not poisonous; as a gas, CO2 itself will not hurt you. This is an important fact to remember, as carbon dioxide is a vital part of the environment. The human breathing mechanism actual revolves around CO2, not oxygen. Without carbon dioxide, humans wouldn't be able to breathe. It’s only when CO2 gets concentrated do you have to worry.

Carbon dioxide acts as a simple asphyxiant; in other words, as CO2 levels in a closed room rise, carbon dioxide replaces the oxygen your body needs. When your body can’t get oxygen, it slows down and does not function properly.

Because carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant, it mostly affects your brain. At moderate CO2 levels, around 1000 ppm, there are observable effects on your thinking. These same levels also reduce concentration and focus, as well as create discomfort from breathing stuffy air. Overall, moderate levels of CO2, which are very common in office meeting rooms, schools, and even your home, won’t let your body function optimally.

At higher levels, around 2500 ppm, there are significant reductions in cognitive functioning, especially for tasks that require higher-level thinking. People feel fatigued and report having more headaches. These conditions are less common but can still occur regularly in schools and poorly ventilated buildings. The chart below summarizes a study that shows how CO2 affects your brain functioning.

What Are the Effects of CO2 on the Human Body?

<1000 ppm

1000 ppm-2500 ppm

2500 ppm-5000 ppm

5000 ppm-40000 ppm

40000 ppm-100000

>100000 ppm

Limited or no health effects

Fatigue, loss of focus and concentration, uncomfortable ‘stuffy’ feeling in the air

Headache, drowsiness, tiredness

Violates OSHA requirements, severe headaches, slight intoxication depending on the exposure time

IDLH (Immediately dangerous to life or health), dizziness, increased heart rate, sweating, difficulty breathing; seizures and loss of consciousness after prolonged exposure

Loss of consciousness within minutes, coma, risk of death

f CO2 levels get severe (>50,000 ppm), it can also cause you to lose consciousness. If this occurs for long enough, death is a possibility. However, these conditions are unrealistic; you would only encounter these conditions in exceptional circumstances, such as a leaky basement over an abandoned coal mine.

While these conditions are rare, even moderate CO2 levels (over 1000 ppm) can directly impact you, draining your concentration and energy levels. If you think you may be experiencing these symptoms, be sure to let in some fresh air by opening the windows, or you can try stepping outside for a few minutes to clear your head. The best thing you can do to prevent CO2 from building up too high is ventilating!

https://learn.kaiterra.com/en/air-academy/is-carbon-dioxide-harmful-to-people

https://www.archdaily.com/960036/google-maps-to-start-showing-routes-with-the-lowest-carbon-footprint

The Google Maps application will direct drivers to more eco-friendly routes that generate the lowest carbon footprint using mainly traffic data, road slopes and inclines, and other factors.

The eco-friendly option will be the application's default route if comparable options take about the same time. When alternatives are significantly faster, Google will offer choices and let users compare estimated emissions.

The application will also include live information about the weather and air quality, which is especially helpful for people with respiratory problems or allergies, or who need to know the weather forecast for a particular location.

Parkhaven (Co2 amount is a lot here)

Redlights,
(idling engines, creating unneeded Co2)

Last stretch through Parkhaven to get to work

A mash-up of video game characters and photographic scenes. As a kid I would become completely immersed in the crude pixel environments and they would seem very real. In this age of VR, such suspension of disbelief is rarely required. I thought it would be fun to try to express how gamers see these worlds. I spent many hours gaming with my siblings and friends when I was growing up in the late 80s and early 90s and this aesthetic has really come to represent that time.

Visualizations of Co2 Emissions per city, per area, per person. All of thisinformation is digital bt is there a possibility to create it in real life and make people aware of it when they pass by? I think yes. There is a good amount of un-used grass that you could use for an installment to create awareness. The idea I have in mind is sketched out on the right.

Parkhaven needs a change in air quality. The current airquality is bad and results in affection of the human body. It results in:

- COPD
- Astma
- Lung Cancer.

Various things you could do to reduce the affects of Co2 on your body is to make the users of that road aware of the consequences. Maybe even change the route or let them hold their breath when they go through droogleever fortuyn plein.

Every day cars have to wait in front of the Maastunnel before entering it. This is a system designed that there wont be/as minimum as possible the chance for a traffic jam. That is good but that also means that there are still people waiting to enter the maastunnel and that allows Co2 to be produced at a rapid paste. That Co2 will influence the air quality and affects the cyclists of DroogLeever Fortuyn Plein.

https://aledlewis.com/video-games-vs-real-life

In the Netherlands, 1.2 million people live with a lung disease. In two out of three people with a lung disease, air pollution leads to health problems such as shortness of breath, coughing, irritated mucous membranes or lower lung function. One in eight lung patients (12 per cent) sometimes considers moving due to poor air quality. That cannot and should not be the case.

What does unhealthy air mean to you?
Unhealthy air in your lungs can literally make you sick. You may start to cough, become short of breath and develop a sore chest. Air pollution also causes asthma, COPD and lung cancer. Every year 12,000 die prematurely in our country due to unhealthy air. On average, you live 13 months shorter due to air pollution. Healthy air is therefore of vital importance!

What are you breathing in?
Air pollution consists of a mixture of pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. It is caused by wood smoke, traffic, industry, intensive livestock farming, shipping, aviation and construction. The smaller the particulate matter, the more harmful to your health, because small particulate matter penetrates deep into your lungs and your bloodstream.

MAKE THE INVISIBLE VISIBLE

visualizations
of Co2 in spaces

3D model Space (Sketch Up)

Face masks and Carbon Dioxide

The ones I find interesting

Review:

The first thought on how to decrease the Co2 emissions is of course planting trees. After doing a bit more research I came to the conclusion that plants and trees don't weigh up against the Co2 Emissions.

The Co2 Emissions are too much for the plants to proccess.

Protecting existing forests and planting new ones are surely good things to do. However, scientists say we must not place too much faith in trees to save us. In particular, last year one research group claimed we can plant a trillion extra trees and remove a quarter of the carbon dioxide currently in the air. These figures have been widely criticised as overhyped and unreliable. Trees will definitely help us slow climate change, but they won’t reverse it on their own.

Review

Another idea that came to mind is placing a big glass sphere with tunnels where the cyclist goes through. One of the biggest flaws that I walked across is that you just trap the Co2 emissions and don't take care of it. To me this feels like procrastinating the problem. Overtime the Co2 will just become more and more and sphere will be filled with Co2 emissions. At first it sounded like an interesting project but looking back at it after I made a sketch of it, it is kinda bad.

Review

This is the one i am the most excited about. To me this project solves the Co2 emission problem but also creates awareness.

There is a concept that allows fans to collect Co2 and collects it, that concept put me to thinking and I came up with a so called "Artificial Forest"

This artificial forest is placed at Droogleever fortuyn where the cyclists and car drivers commute through.

How it works:
It works as follows, within the green hexagons are the fans placed that collect the Co2 emissions. The reason why this works and real trees don't is because real tree can't weigh up to the amount of Co2 emissions. The fans collect the Co2 and turns it into o2. This way there is awareness being created by the look of the installation and the air becomes healthier at that place.

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200521-planting-trees-doesnt-always-help-with-climate-change

Reforestation is seen as a way to help cool the climate, sucking excess warming carbon out of the atmosphere. But it’s not always that simple.
S
Suddenly we are all being told to plant trees. The hope is that they will save us from the worst effects of climate change.

The idea is everywhere. The Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg has made a film arguing for extra protections for the world’s forests, and for the replanting of those that have been cut down. George Monbiot, a columnist in the UK’s Guardian newspaper, has founded a campaign called Natural Climate Solutions, which advocates restoring forests and other ecosystems.

This is not just talk. The UK government has planted millions of trees over the last decade, and has pledged another million between 2020 and 2024. Others have attempted far more dramatic feats: in 2016 one Indian state planted 50 million trees in one day, while in July last year Ethiopia claimed to have planted 350 million in a day. Even the UK’s Daily Mail, a right-wing newspaper not known for its climate activism, has just launched a campaign encouraging all its readers to plant a tree.

You might also like:

How do you bring a forest back to life?
What would happen if all the trees disappeared?
Is it wrong to be hopeful about climate change?
Protecting existing forests and planting new ones are surely good things to do. However, scientists say we must not place too much faith in trees to save us. In particular, last year one research group claimed we can plant a trillion extra trees and remove a quarter of the carbon dioxide currently in the air. These figures have been widely criticised as overhyped and unreliable. Trees will definitely help us slow climate change, but they won’t reverse it on their own.

The underlying problem is that our society is releasing greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), that are warming the Earth’s climate to levels we have never experienced before. As a result the great ice sheets are melting, contributing to rising seas, and extreme weather events like hurricanes and droughts are becoming more severe.

Tropical forests losing their ability to absorb carbon, study finds

Planting trees doesn’t always help with climate change

Tropical forests are taking up less carbon dioxide from the air, reducing their ability to act as “carbon sinks” and bringing closer the prospect of accelerating climate breakdown.

The Amazon could turn into a source of carbon in the atmosphere, instead of one of the biggest absorbers of the gas, as soon as the next decade, owing to the damage caused by loggers and farming interests and the impacts of the climate crisis, new research has found.

If that happens, climate breakdown is likely to become much more severe in its impacts, and the world will have to cut down much faster on carbon-producing activities to counteract the loss of the carbon sinks.

“We’ve found that one of the most worrying impacts of climate change has already begun,” said Simon Lewis, professor in the school of geography at Leeds University, one of the senior authors of the research. “This is decades ahead of even the most pessimistic climate models.”

For the last three decades, the amount of carbon absorbed by the world’s intact tropical forests has fallen, according to the study from nearly 100 scientific institutions. They are now taking up a third less carbon than they did in the 1990s, owing to the impacts of higher temperatures, droughts and deforestation. That downward trend is likely to continue, as forests come under increasing threat from climate change and exploitation. The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s, according to Lewis.

“Humans have been lucky so far, as tropical forests are mopping up lots of our pollution, but they can’t keep doing that indefinitely,” he told the Guardian. “We need to curb fossil fuel emissions before the global carbon cycle starts working against us. The time for action is now.”

At this year’s UN climate talks, known as Cop26 and to be held in Glasgow in November, many countries are expected to come forward with plans to reach net zero emissions by mid-century. But some rich countries and many companies plan to reduce their emissions via offsetting, often by preserving, replanting or growing new forest.

This research shows that relying on tropical forests is unlikely to be enough to offset large-scale emissions. “There is a lot of talk about offsetting, but the reality is that every country and every sector needs to reach zero emissions, with any small amount of residual emissions needing to be removed from the atmosphere,” said Lewis. “The use of forests as an offset is largely a marketing tool for companies to try to continue with business as usual.”

Climate scientists have long feared the existence of “tipping points” in the climate system, which when passed will condemn the world to runaway global heating. There are many known feedback mechanisms: for instance, the melting of Arctic ice leaves more of the sea uncovered, and, as it is darker than the reflective ice, it absorbs more heat, thus leading to more melting.

These feedback mechanisms have the potential to accelerate the climate crisis far ahead of what current projections suggest. If forests start to become sources of carbon rather than absorbers of it, that would be a powerful positive feedback leading to much greater warming that would be hard to stop.

Forests lose their ability to absorb carbon as trees die and dry out from drought and higher temperatures, but the loss of forest area from logging, burning and other forms of exploitation is also a leading factor in the loss of carbon sinks.

Tom Crowther, founder of the Crowther Lab, who was not involved with the research, told the Guardian: “This analysis provides concerning evidence that, along with continuing deforestation rates, the carbon sequestration rate of tropical forests could also be threatened by increasing tree mortality under climate change. This is very important information, as the capacity of tropical forests to capture anthropogenic carbon emissions could be severely impaired.”

The study, published on Wednesday in the journal Nature, tracked 300,000 trees over 30 years, providing the first large-scale evidence of the decline in carbon uptake by the world’s tropical forests. The researchers combined data from two large research networks of forest observations in Africa and the Amazon, as well as years spent travelling to remote field sites, including a week spent in a dug-out canoe to reach Salonga national park in the troubled Democratic Republic of the Congo.

They used aluminium nails to tag individual trees, measuring the diameter and estimating the height of every tree within 565 patches of forest, and returning every few years to repeat the process. This enabled them to calculate the carbon stored in the trees that survived and those that died. They found that the Amazon sink started weakening first, but that African forests are now rapidly following. Amazonian forests are exposed to higher temperatures, faster temperature increases, and more frequent and severe droughts, than African forests.

Their projection that the Amazonian forest will turn into a carbon source in the mid-2030s is based on their observations and a statistical model and trends in emissions, temperature and rainfall to forecast changes in how forests will store carbon up to 2040.

Doug Parr, the chief scientist at Greenpeace UK, said governments should heed the science and make strong commitments to cut greenhouse gases at the Cop26 summit, and agree to measures to protect and restore forests. “For years, we have had scientific warnings about tipping points in the Earth system and they’ve been largely ignored by policy and decision-makers,” he said. “That forests are now seemingly losing the ability to absorb pollution is alarming. What more of a wake-up call do we need?”

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/mar/04/tropical-forests-losing-their-ability-to-absorb-carbon-study-finds

In response to Greta Thunberg’s statement that planting trees is nowhere near enough of what is needed to tackle climate change, Tree Aid’s Chief Executive, Tom Skirrow, explains why we agree that planting trees in isolation is simply not enough.

The reality is complex and important questions need to be asked and addressed when growing trees. Namely: who is planting the tree, what kind of tree, what value will it provide, where will the tree be planted, who will own this tree, who will care for this tree until it begins to provide benefit and why would they do so and could planting this tree harm the surrounding environment? These are the questions that we have been using for over 30 years to form the Tree Aid approach.

Firstly, to ensure trees are the vital tool they have the potential to be in solving the climate crisis, systems and agreements need to be in place to manage them.This “forest governance” is essential to make sure communities have the tools at their disposal to protect forest resources. Ownership (be that individual or communal) is established, planting and management plans are put in place, rules are agreed to ensure each member of the community has roles and responsibilities as well as rights to the resource. The importance of this system of management, no matter where you are in the world, cannot be overstated – without this local ownership, forests wither and die under the competing pressures on land resources.

Secondly, skills in planting and managing trees have to be passed on to those who own and value the presence of those trees. The average forester in the UK has to complete a 3-year degree in order to effectively manage forest resources. We cannot expect this level of training for all those charged with cultivating tree resources but a bare minimum level of training and support is required to ensure communities are able to effectively protect and nurture their resource. It is paramount that in any planned tree planting project, at any scale, those managing the trees are given skills training and continually supported over the early period of forest restoration. These skills will help communities care for the trees but also give them a knowledge of what species are viable and beneficial in the given context and allow them to make informed decisions about the mix of any forest they are creating.

https://www.treeaid.org/blogs-updates/greta-thunberg-we-must-do-more-than-planting-trees/

Co2 is invisible. The users don't notice the Co2 emissions and the effects it has on the human body. (COPD, Astma, lung cancer)

Problem is being postponed. From Maastunnel to Droogleever fortuyn plein. The Co2 is just spreading and floating around. Not enough things are being done to reduce the Co2 emissions/

Fans that collect the Co2 and store it underground.

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210310-the-trillion-dollar-plan-to-capture-co2

As for the campaign I wanted to create awareness around the whole city or Rotterdam. I got inspired by the new Yeezy x Gap campaign where Kanye West placed images of a new releasing jacket throughout a city, creating hype for this new product. The QR code was a link to a website where you could preview the jacket.

I am going to showcase the air quality in spots where there are a lot of people. The spots I chose are: Rotterdam Centraal, Rotterdam Blaak, DroogLeever Fortuyn plein. At these spots I will try to find big blank buildings where text can be added. As to visualize this I am going to use photoshop to create mockups of the spots.

Campaign Fresher Air

Fresher air does not start with planting trees...

The idea behind this campaign is to create awareness. The big bold text will be visible for the users of various public spaces and will get noticed. I believe it has an interesting quote. Fresher air does not start with planiting trees. With a QR code on the side to be redirected to the instagram of Gemeente Rotterdam where they'll explain what is needed for better air quality.

The quote will be spread through out the city of Rotterdam on big spaces where a lot of people are.